How Do I Find Out CPU is 32bit or 64bit?

$ grep flags /proc/cpuinfo
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
$ lshw -C cpu

CPU Modes:

• lm flag means Long mode cpu - 64 bit CPU
• Real mode 16 bit CPU
• Protected Mode is 32-bit CPU

How do I tell if 32 bit or 64 bit ubuntu is installed on a machine?

file /sbin/init

Encoding from multiple input image files (JPEG, PNG, TGA, etc.)

http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/HTML/en/menc-feat-enc-images.html

6.8. Encoding from multiple input image files (JPEG, PNG, TGA, etc.)

MEncoder is capable of creating movies from one or more JPEG, PNG, TGA, or other image files. With simple framecopy it can create MJPEG (Motion JPEG), MPNG (Motion PNG) or MTGA (Motion TGA) files.

Explanation of the process:

1. MEncoder decodes the input image(s) with libjpeg (when decoding PNGs, it will use libpng).
2. MEncoder then feeds the decoded image to the chosen video compressor (DivX4, Xvid, FFmpeg msmpeg4, etc.).

Examples.  The explanation of the -mf option is in the man page.

Creating an MPEG-4 file from all the JPEG files in the current directory:

mencoder mf://*.jpg -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=jpg -ovc lavc \
    -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell -oac copy -o output.avi

Creating an MPEG-4 file from some JPEG files in the current directory:

mencoder mf://frame001.jpg,frame002.jpg -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=jpg \
    -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell -oac copy -o output.avi

Creating an MPEG-4 file from explicit list of JPEG files (list.txt in current directory contains the list of files to use as source, one per line):

mencoder mf://@list.txt -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=jpg \
    -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell -oac copy -o output.avi

You can mix different types of images, regardless of the method you use — individual filenames, wildcard or file with list — provided of course they have the same dimensions. So you can e.g. take title frame from PNG file, and then put a slideshow of your JPEG photos.

Creating a Motion JPEG (MJPEG) file from all the JPEG files in the current directory:

mencoder mf://*.jpg -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=jpg -ovc copy -oac copy -o output.avi

Creating an uncompressed file from all the PNG files in the current directory:

mencoder mf://*.png -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=png -ovc raw -oac copy -o output.avi

Note

Width must be integer multiple of 4, it is a limitation of the RAW RGB AVI format.

Creating a Motion PNG (MPNG) file from all the PNG files in the current directory:

mencoder mf://*.png -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=png -ovc copy -oac copy -o output.avi

Creating a Motion TGA (MTGA) file from all the TGA files in the current directory:

mencoder mf://*.tga -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=tga -ovc copy -oac copy -o output.avi

Subversion Commands and Scripts

 Subversion Commands and Scripts
http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/Subversion.html

 Basic SVN Commands
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/edguide/chapter03.html

svn status

svn status. This command prints the status of working directories and files. If you have made local changes, it'll show your locally modified items. If you use the --verbose switch, it will show revision information on every item. With the --show-updates (-u) switch, it will show any server out-of-date information.

$ svn ci -m " any message"
$ svn update
$ svn status

will show files that are not subversioned with "?" in front.

Reference sheet for natbib usage

http://merkel.zoneo.net/Latex/natbib.php

The natbib package has two basic citation commands, \citet and \citep for textual and parenthetical citations, respectively. There also exist the starred versions \citet* and \citep* that print the full author list, and not just the abbreviated one. All of these may take one or two optional arguments to add some text before and after the citation.

\citet{jon90}	-->	Jones et al. (1990)
\citet[chap. 2]{jon90}	-->	Jones et al. (1990, chap. 2)
\citep{jon90}	-->	(Jones et al., 1990)
\citep[chap. 2]{jon90}	-->	(Jones et al., 1990, chap. 2)
\citep[see][]{jon90}	-->	(see Jones et al., 1990)
\citep[see][chap. 2]{jon90}	-->	(see Jones et al., 1990, chap. 2)
\citet*{jon90}	-->	Jones, Baker, and Williams (1990)
\citep*{jon90}	-->	(Jones, Baker, and Williams, 1990)

ls exclude

http://www.unix.com/shell-programming-scripting/100038-ls-exclude-pattern.html

# See all files ending in .html
ls | grep "\.html$"
# see all files not ending in .html
ls | grep -v "\.html$"

crontab how to

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CronHowto

01,31 04,05 1-15 1,6 * /usr/bin/somedirectory/somecommand

The above example will run /usr/bin/somedirectory/somecommand
at 01 and 31 minuts
past the hours of 4:00am and 5:00am
on the 1st through the 15th
of every January and June.